Heres a quick summary:
This board is for Independent Front Suspension (IFS) trucks (89 and newer in trucks, 92 and newer in Blazer/Burb), so there is no live axle in the front, but i'll include the ones for Solid front axle (SFA) trucks for reference. When people talk about a Dana 60 in a newer truck, they have replaced the IFS with SFA.
Fronts:
Dana 60 - 1 ton, about the strongest short of 2.5 ton rockwells, most desireable in older trucks or to swap into newer ones
Dana 44 - 1/2 or 3/4 ton, not as strong as the D60, and comparable to the 10 bolt
10 bolt - 1/2 ton or 3/4 ton, not all that strong, named for the 10 bolts on the diff cover
Rears -
14 bolt FF - 14 bolts on teh cover, 1 ton, very strong, full floater refers to how the axle shafts transmit power and don't carry weight.
14 bolt SF - Semi floater.
Sorry, gottta run, i'll finish later, or someone can add the rest for me